Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. "That's all right. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. 2.3.2.2. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. b. Freud. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. a. psychoanalysis. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Electroconvulsive therapy. All of the models include an element of the biological model. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. 114. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. c. social networks. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). a. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. This might even affect how you interact with them. b. brain stimulation. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. 163. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. b. good long-term prognoses. Figure 2.2. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. b. insight. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. What about other students in the class that you know? An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 45. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. d. known risk and protective factors. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). 127. 2. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. b. laissez-faire parenting style. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. 166. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. The Structure of the Nervous System. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. What is this therapy? Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. How so? Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Models aid us with doing all of this. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? In the case of men. What is that factor? _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. 88. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. b. the pleasure principle. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. a. catharsis. d. classical conditioning. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? If I do X, then Y will happen. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). See Figure 2.4 below. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. b. anxiety disorders. The final section is a b. Rogers. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template c. operant conditioning. 144. 40. b. existential therapy. Attributions and cognitive errors. 100. Consider where students sit in a class. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. a. b. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Shonda responds by changing the subject. What is that factor? Medical Model: Definition, Mental Health, Psychology - StudySmarter US c. transference. c. sociocultural. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. 154. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Why? b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. b. ego. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? d. genes. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. 28. d. psychophysical. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. d. hormone therapy. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The nervous system. Solved model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the - Chegg a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. c. psychodynamic. a. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. b. cognitive-behavioral b. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. 92. b. transference. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. b. resistance. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. c. existential. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. 113. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. d. projection. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. d. past traumatic experiences. Consider your parents for a minute. c. gestalt therapy. c. psychosurgery. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. b. biological. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. 12. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. This is called: a. fixation. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? 33. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. I'm here for you." Preconditioning. 3. d. object relations. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. 2.3.3.1. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. c. operant conditioning. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. d. flight of ideas. c. primary process thought. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. c. role-playing. a. modeling What form do these consequences take? It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. b. superego. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). This thought is an example of: a. depression. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Shonda responds by changing the subject. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. b. repression. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. 73. d. transference. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. a. existential The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. c. neurons. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Criticisms. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). 150. 132. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization.
which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?