<< /S /Transparency [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /F3 23 0 R >> /Type /Pages 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] /F4 24 0 R -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. /Type /StructElem -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. >> [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. >> 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. >> They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. /F3 23 0 R The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. -Cognitive component: stereotypes /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /Slide /Part /K [20 0 R] /Type /Page >> /F4 24 0 R /GS7 27 0 R This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Rational and Irrational Thought: The Thinking That IQ Tests Miss /F4 24 0 R In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /Pages 2 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] >> Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. April 2013 . /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] 238 0 R 239 0 R] /Parent 2 0 R /Group << One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. 23 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Font /Count 13 /F1 21 0 R 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>orgSocial Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState << The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. -Examples: sports events. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. Rationality and the reflective mind . Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Subtype /TrueType /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. >> However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. \end{array} Houd . /F1 21 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R Fugelsang . -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. 25 0 obj instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. /F6 26 0 R -Responses varied across cultures [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. /GS7 27 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB What are the major forms of household income? What is the power of single vivid instances? 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. What causes deindividuation? /ExtGState << 8 0 obj -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. /Type /Font >> Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. >> students and group work, are you assertive? adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). System 2 may also have no clue to the error. 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 /Type /Page endobj [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. >> affects which beliefs and rules we test /F4 24 0 R Social Psychology 1 Flashcards . 7,000 & 6,000 \\ How pervasive is prejudice today? 27 0 obj << In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true << objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. What is diffusion of responsibility? /F1 21 0 R >> They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. PDF Chapter 1: Introduction - SAGE Publications Inc -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation.

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