endobutton acl mri safety

Sanders JO, Brown GA, Murray J, Pezold R, Sevarino KS. Dai W, Leng X, Wang J, Cheng J, Hu X, Ao Y. Quadriceps tendon autograft versus bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 6 Ethibond sutures using a whipstitch technique. It is also possible that you have inadvertently deleted your document root or the your account may need to be recreated. (2019) 47:353140. Mae Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. There were 49 of 52 (94.2%) patients in group 1 and 46 of 50 (92.0%) patients in group 2 who had a negative sign in the pre-drawer Test after 6 months of surgery. The mean bodyweight of the studied population was 70.36 kg (range, 45100 kg), with a standard deviation of 12.95 kg (Table 3). Of the 51 EndoButtons with tissue interposition, 32 migrated within 1 year, and 39 of 151 EndoButtons without tissue interposition migrated, whereas the EndoButtons with tissue interposition migrated significantly more frequently. Functional range of motion measurement. Schwitalla AD, Abou-Emara M, Zimmermann T, Spintig T, Beuer F, Lackmann J, et al. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. MeSH Chahla J, Liu JN, Manderle B, Beletsky A, Cabarcas B, Gowd AK, et al. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. than those without tissue interposition. : significance level (false positive rate). 13. The clinical outcomes are promising and benefit patients significantly (26, 27). Manuscript writing and final approval of manuscript: All authors. The clinical effective rate was calculated based on the Lysholm knee scoring results and classified as excellent and good at 6 months postoperatively. endobutton acl mri safety Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2011 Nov;27(11):1528-35. doi : 10.1016 . This multicenter, prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial revealed that ACL injured patients repaired using PEEK interference screw and EndoButton developed either by Delta Medical or Smith & Nephew under arthroscopy had a significant improvement in clinical outcomes after surgery. Arthroscopy 15(6): 618-624. Confirming Proper Button Deployment of Suspensory Fixation During ACL Reconstruction. 2. During the past 3 decades, graft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has become an accepted treatment for symptomatic ACL deficiency. for breaking is faulty equipment. 2014. The anterior cruciate ligament is one of two ligaments inside the knee joint (the other is the PCL ). ACL reconstruction in order to prevent them from occurring where Contact sports were not allowed until at least 6 months after surgery. The same results were observed in these two groups at 6 months post-operation. FOIA doi: 10.1007/s00167-021-06443-9, 29. Redirects and rewriting URLs are two very common directives found in a .htaccess file, and many scripts such as WordPress, Drupal, Joomla and Magento add directives to the .htaccess so those scripts can function. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2020.01.016, 27. No significant differences were observed among these two groups at 3 months and 6 months of ACL reconstruction (Fisher's test, P = 0.0898 and 0.4567, respectively) (Table 9). The significance level value, power 1, non-inferiority threshold , and average total effective rate P value were determined according to the actual investigation of the efficacy of this type of product and the general statistical requirements. had an effect on clinical outcomes. Results: . The semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were harvested with a tendon stripper (Delta Medical). This varies by browser, if you do not see a box on your page with a red X try right clicking on the page, then select View Page Info, and goto the Media Tab. commonest sports injury worldwide. endobutton acl mri safety - ma-voyance-gratuite.com band irritation caused by the endoButton after anatomic double-bundle Bradshaw AR, Morris A (2014) Fracture of the lateral femoral condyle eCollection 2022. Background: To reduce the costs and financial burden in the ACLR treatment, we compare the early clinical outcomes and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) results of Delta Medical's PEEK (polyether ether ketone) interference screw and EndoButton with those of Smith & Nephew's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton in patients with arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Current Orthopaedic Practice 25(2): 191-192. Background:Suspensory fixation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) grafts has emerged as a popular device for femoral graft fixation. Bearish Engulfing Pattern Followed By Doji; Oblu Maldives Tripadvisorjamie Oliver Creamy Pasta Plaweski S, Rossi J, Merloz P. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: assessment of the hamstring autograft femoral fixation using the EndoButton CL. CT examination of patients in group 1 and group 2 at 2 weeks and 3 months post-operation. Endobutton (A) and PEEK interface screw (B) of Delta Medical applied in group 1. endobutton acl mri safety . Conception and design: PG and JW. Prospective evaluation of range of motion in acute ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft. Bartolo MK, Provaggi E, Athwal KK, Newman S, Accardi MA, Dini D, et al. The 95% confidence interval was 0.0967 to 0.1444 (Table 5). in the face of trauma. Background: To reduce the costs and financial burden in the ACLR treatment, we compare the early clinical outcomes and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) results of Delta Medical's PEEK (polyether ether ketone) interference screw and EndoButton with those of Smith & Nephew's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton in patients with arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Figure 4. The distance between the EndoButton and lateral femoral cortex was measured on the radiograph obtained immediately postoperatively, and more than 1 mm in distance was defined as positive tissue interposition. Meyers A, Haims A, Menn K, Moukaddam H. Imaging of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair and Its Complications. Ph.D in Agriculture from Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, Research Professor, PhD, Holistic Research Institute, Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine, MD PhD, Professor, Vincent Pol University, Professor, Chief Doctor, Director of Department of Pediatric Surgery, Associate Director of Department of Surgery, Doctoral Supervisor Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Senior Research Engineer and Professor, Center for Refining and Petrochemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Research & Development in Material Science, Fellow of International Agency for Standards and Ratings (IASR), Edith Cowan University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Chancellor Emeritus / Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Physics, University of MissouriSt. become stuck in the tunnel. We performed arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions of chronic ACL rupture with autologous hamstring tendon grafts in males (mean age 23.9 years). et al. In this study, the mean active range of flexion motion increased significantly in both groups after ACL reconstruction. The safety and effectiveness comparison of Delta Medical's PEEK interface screw and Endobutton and that of Smith & Nephew's in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A multicenter prospective double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Change the settings back to the previous configuration (before you selected Default). Download MRI pre-screening forms for patients and MR personnel. Public Health 10:1003591. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1003591. Mouarbes D, Menetrey J, Marot V, Courtot L, Berard E, Cavaignac E. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes for quadriceps tendon autograft versus bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring-tendon autografts. Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru, Poland, Sumatra Institute of Technology, Indonesia, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, China. orlando to fort pierce train; dod personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should; boyd funeral home marion, ohio obituaries; horner's syndrome in cats after ear cleaning; Potential causes for this include mechanical irritation and foreign is fully seated, by feeling for feedback as it is positioned, as well Please visit: appliedradiology.org/MRISafety/, The Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and Research (IMRSER) was formed in response to the growing need for information and research regarding MRI safety. This further promotes the early rehabilitation process including range of motion and weight-bearing exercises. The recent improvements and developments in graft tendon fixation materials have contributed to the promising outcomes of ACL reconstruction procedures (11, 12). intraoperative radiography to confirm its position. with tissue interposition migrated significantly more frequently PEEK materials are very attractive for application in orthopedic surgery, which is considered to provide superior postoperative imaging and stable fixation benefits (21, 24, 25). anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinico radiological outcome of hamstring tendon ACL reconstruction using femoral Transfixation and Endobutton with identical Tibial fixation.Methods: A Prospective randomized clinical outcome study was done from January 2002 to June 2008, a total of 132 patients with quadruple hamstring ACL reconstruction using a femoral fixation group A . Programs for MR personnel include: "Introduction to MRI Safety", "Basic MRI Safety Training", and "Advanced MRI Safety Training For Healthcare Professionals". {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Bashir U, Knipe H, Weerakkody Y, et al. The informed consent was taken from all the patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. So a total of 102 patients' data were analyzed in this study. The large 12 mm x 7.5 mm footprint maximizes button-to-bone contact against the cortex. Grpnar T, Polat B, Eren M, ark E, zyalva ON, Erdoan S. Knee. Med 20(3-4): 157-179. On platforms that enforce case-sensitivity PNG and png are not the same locations. The study population consisted of 71 (68.3%) men and 33 (31.7%) women. Furthermore, knee pain, degree of instability, locking sensation, swelling, using canes or crutches, limp, climbing stairs, and squatting, respectively, neither of these parameters showed statistically significant differences between the two groups throughout the entire follow-up period. However, neither tissue Uchida R, Mae T, Matsumoto N, Kuroda S, Toritsuka Y, Shino K. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. If your blog is showing the wrong domain name in links, redirecting to another site, or is missing images and style, these are all usually related to the same problem: you have the wrong domain name configured in your WordPress blog. Right click on the X and choose Properties. No shifting or breakage occurred in both groups at 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively (Figure 5). Taketomi et al. Copyright 2011 Arthroscopy Association of North America. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) by Shellock R & D Services, Inc. and Frank G. Shellock, Ph.D. All rights reserved. causing it to get stuck before it reaches the outer cortex. (2016) 63:24451. Am J Sports Med. (2015) 31:5618. The bone-hamstring-bone (BHB) composite graft is a hybrid ligament reconstruction methodology that combines the advantages but eliminates the disadvantages of the bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and tendon of semitendinosus and gracilis muscle (STG) methods. The difference in functional scores and range of motion were not significant in groups 1 and 2. The residual soft tissue was cleaned from the tendons. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldt038, 10. But metal in the scanner can cause serious safety problems or reduce the quality of the images. The purpose of this study was to compare the early clinical outcomes and MRI results of Delta Medical's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton with those of Smith & Nephew's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton in patients with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The clinical effective rate was calculated according to the modified Lysholm knee scoring scales results at 6 months postoperatively, and the 95% confidence interval of the clinical effective rate difference between the two groups was finally calculated. For the most part, the material of the endobutton and hydroxy appetite coated screw is made from Titanium which is a non-ferrous metal. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Fixation of Patellar Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament The assessments of Lysholm knee scores at 3 and 6 months produced no statistical differences (both P > 0.05). Risk Factors for Femoral Cortical Button Malposition in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Based on the Lysholm knee scoring results at 6 months postoperatively, the clinical effective rate in group 1 was 90.4%, compared with 88.0% in group 2. Metal vs. bioabsorbable polyglyconate interference screw. eCollection 2022 Sep. Lin TY, Chung CC, Chen WC, Su CW, Fang HW, Lu YC. AJR Am J Roentgenol. The distal free ends of the tendons were armed with No. Conclusions: Knee function and functional scores were improved after ACLR in both groups, regardless of the PEEK interference screw and EndoButton applied. [3] reported two cases of Migration of endobutton after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate The En- . Xu B, Yin Y, Zhu Y, Yin Y, Fu W. Comparison of bioabsorbable and metallic interference screws for graft fixation during ACL reconstruction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Board of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (No. When you get a 404 error be sure to check the URL that you are attempting to use in your browser.This tells the server what resource it should attempt to request. An official website of the United States government. Delta Medical's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton had a non-inferiority effect compared to Smith & Nephew's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton. AccessGUDID - DEVICE: ENDOBUTTON (03596010657626) Edit the file on your computer and upload it to the server via FTP. Guglielmetti LGB, Salas VER, Jorge PB, Severino FR, Duarte A, de Oliveira VM, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction proved to be the The hypothesis is that the Delta Medical's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton have a non-inferiority effect in patients with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction compared with those of Smith & Nephew's PEEK interference screw and EndoButton. Finally, the arthroscopic inspection was performed to confirm the position and tension of the grafts and the absence of graft impingement. Hardware Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Table 8. Table 1. Current trends in the anterior cruciate ligament part 1: biology and biomechanics. were taken immediately postoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year. The annual incidence is increasing and is commoner among the professional athlete than the armature ones [1]. Mae T, Kuroda S, Matsumoto N, Yoneda M, Nakata K, et al. Zehir S, Zehir R (2014) Suspensory fixation versus novel transverse Endobutton Femoral Fixation for Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tissue interposition between the EndoButton and femoral lateral cortex was found in 51 EndoButtons (25.2%) on the radiographs obtained immediately after ACL reconstruction, whereas EndoButtons with tissue interposition migrated more frequently than those without it 1 year after ACL reconstruction. 2022 Nov 7;10:1003591. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1003591. Quickly search hundreds of MRI safety related articles. Mae T, Kuroda S, Matsumoto N, Yoneda M, Nakata K, Yoshikawa H, et al. You may need to scroll to find it. MRI - Mayo Clinic After 3 months of surgery, there were 51 of 52 (98.1%) patients in group 1 and 48 of 50 (96.0%) patients in group 2 had a negative sign in the pre-Lachman Test which mean the reconstructed ACL had provided enough strength support for the stability of the involved knee. This will reset the permalinks and fix the issue in many cases. JCM | Free Full-Text | Femoral Tunnel Position Affects Postoperative Though there is no consensus on the choice of graft fixation devices for ACLR, most surgeons used interference screw for tibial fixation and suspension device for femoral fixation. 2017ZSZY-LL-002), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (No. Accessibility desired seating of the graft or potentially flipping the endobutton decrease the adverse consequences of knee instability namely be contributing to risk of fracture. Get in touch. Before you do anything, it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong. The informed consent was taken from all the patients. The mean age of the patients was 32.5 years (range, 1865 years), and they all had a follow-up time of 6 months. Results: Significant improvements in knee function and functional scores were observed in both groups after surgery regardless of the fixation materials applied (P < 0.05). In this example the file must be in public_html/example/Example/. increasing and is commoner among the professional athlete than After 3 months of surgery, 50 of 52 (96.2%) patients in group 1 and 48 of 50 (96.0%) patients in group 2 had a negative sign in the pre-drawer Test. Unable to process the form. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f English and Spanish forms are Administrative support: YX and JW. If you go to your temporary url (http://ip/~username/) and get this error, there maybe a problem with the rule set stored in an .htaccess file. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the cases with or without tissue interposition and between the cases with or without EndoButton migration. The TightRope Attachable Button System (ABS) is a 2-piece implant that can be passed through narrow bone tunnels, while allowing increased cortical fixation with the assembly of a large button over the cortical bone. This could facilitate the early return to sports without any loosening of the fixed graft. Considering the possibility of cases falling off, the sample size of each group was set as 53 cases; that is, 53 cases in the experimental group and 53 cases in the control group. The distance between the EndoButton and lateral femoral cortex was measured on the radiograph obtained . MRI BIOEFFECTS, SAFETY, AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT: SECOND EDITION is a comprehensive, authoritative textbook on the health and safety concerns of MRI technology that contains contributions from more than fifty internationally respected experts in the field. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. Migration of EndoButton after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate Primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autografts have recently been found to have a lower risk of revision compared with hamstring tendon autografts, and BPTB has again . After the femoral and tibial tunnels were prepared, the graft-button complex was passed through the tunnel first and the button (Figure 2A) was flipped over the lateral cortex of the femur to secure the fixation. We would recommend scoping the tunnel intraoperatively before Knee function and functional scores were improved after complete anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in both groups, regardless of the PEEK interference screw and EndoButton applied. The relations between clinical outcomes at 1 year and tissue interposition or migration of EndoButtons were also evaluated. Mascarenhas R, Saltzman BM, Sayegh ET, Verma NN, Cole BJ, Bush-Joseph C, et al. Delta Medical's products with a non-inferiority effect and much lower cost, which have already been approved for the medical market by the National Medical Products Administration of China, maybe a suitable alternative for ACL injured patients, especially those with lower incomes. Selective reconstruction may be considered as an option in isolated bundle rupture. However, improper deployment of the suspe. It is important to be aware of endobuttons complication during The results were classified as excellent (over 87 points), good (7786 points), fair (6776 points), or poor (below 66 points). The easiest way to edit a .htaccess file for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel. Br Med Bull. Before the operation, the mean (SD) Lysholm knee scores were 52.7 points (21.46) and 51.8 points (27.26) in groups 1 and 2, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.8480). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. outer cortex before seating it. The laxity examination of the involved knee after ACL reconstruction included the Lachman test and Drawer test. MRI BIOEFFECTS, SAFETY, AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT: SECOND EDITION is a comprehensive, authoritative textbook on the health and safety concerns of MRI technology that contains contributions from more than fifty internationally respected experts in the field. endobutton acl mri safety endobutton acl mri safety. Can I undergo for an MRI for cervical spine after ACL surgery with an Clinical and functional range of motion (both active and passive) evaluations were performed on all patients preoperatively, and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Bioabsorbable interference screws (BISs) were introduced as the second-generation interference screws for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. 8600 Rockville Pike However, there is a number of recognized At the time the article was created Usman Bashir had no recorded disclosures. We at Crimson Publishing are a group of people with a combined passion for science and research, who wants to bring to the world a unified platform where all scientific know-how is available YWLCSYLL-2017-004-01), Zhongshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (No. Table 2. following EB femoral fixation [7,8]. Navigation systems have also been recently introduced to orthopedic surgical procedures, including ACL reconstruction. Labeling does not contain MRI Safety Information Device required to be labeled as containing natural rubber latex or dry natural rubber (21 CFR 801.437): All stiffness in both groups improved significantly after active function exercise. (2021) 8:3635465211030259. doi: 10.1177/03635465211030259, 6. Radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that 926 patients were evaluated for Lachman test grade 0 in 14 studies and negative Lachman test (grade 0) was found in 81.2% of cases (95% CI, 78.783.7%). Arthroscopy. Epub 2015 May 18. RewriteBase / Similarly, we postulate that if the drill Louis, Ph.D in Science from the Federal University of Alagoas, UFAL, Brazil, Assistant Professor in College of Architecture, Art and Design, Interim Dean, College of Education and Health Sciences, Director of Biomechanics Laboratory, Sport Science Innovation Program, Bridgewater State University, Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine, Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia, Khalifa University of Science & Technology, United Arab Emirates, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, Council for Agriculture Research and Analysis of Agri Economy (CREA), Italy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran, Paeditric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Italy, Universidad Miguel Hernndez de Elche, Spain, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics of RAS, Russia. With the development of interference screw materials, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been introduced as a new interference screw material with the advantage of being chemically inert, insoluble, and radiolucent which has a closer elasticity modulus with cortical bone (19). Shellock R & D Services, Inc. email The mean range of stretch motion in group 2 was 0.4 before surgery, compared with 0.1 at 6 months after surgery (P > 0.05) (Table 8). In group 1, the mean active flexion range of motion improved from 117.4 degrees preoperatively to 137.3 degrees at 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.05), while the mean passive flexion range of motion improved from 124.0 degrees preoperatively to 139.7 degrees at 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.05). For information, visit MagneticResonanceSafetyTesting.com. through an anterior cruciate ligament graft tunnel. Skip to Main Content; National Library of Medicine NLM Tools and Resources FDA UDI Home FDA Medical Devices Home . The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Preserved insertions of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons (STG) in ACL reconstruction: a new surgical technique with preliminary results The buttonless TightRope implant faciliates passing through narrow bone tunnels. Korean J Radiol. The mean (SD) Lysholm knee scores in groups 1 and 2 were 80.5 points (14.85) and 83.4 points (11.60) at 3 months, respectively, compared with that 52.7 points (21.46) and 51.8 points (27.26) in groups 1 and 2, preoperatively (both P < 0.05). You may get a 404 error for images because you have Hot Link Protection turned on and the domain is not on the list of authorized domains. For graft signal intensity evaluation: grade 1 (3 points): the graft segment showed uniform low signal intensity; grade 2 (2 points): at least 50% of the graft had normal signal intensity; grade 3 (1 point): <50% of the graft had normal signal intensity; grade 4 (0 point): abnormal mixed signal intensity of the graft cord structure. The applicability of PEEK-based abutment screws. (2014) 48:73940. No significant differences were observed among these two groups at each time point (Fisher's test, P = 0.4954, 1.0000, 0.7127, respectively) (Table 7). Double-bundle anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using Imaging of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair and Its Complications RewriteEngine On /index.php [L] The effect of soft tissue interposition of the Endobutton on clinical results and on its postoperative migration after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. It is possible that you may need to edit the .htaccess file at some point, for various reasons.This section covers how to edit the file in cPanel, but not what may need to be changed. You can try renaming that file to .htaccess-backup and refreshing the site to see if that resolves the issue. Knee (A) patients in group 1 at 2 weeks post-operation; (B) patients in group 1 at 3 months post-operation; (C) patients in group 2 at 2 weeks post-operation; (D) patients in group 2 at 3 months post-operation. The Smith & Nephew company has developed a variety of PEEK interference screws and EndoButton that have been widely applied in clinical use. AccessGUDID - ENDOBUTTON (03596010657626)- 1.2 ENDOBUTTON CL ULTRA PAC. There are other factors that may Taketomi S, Inui H, Hirota J, Nakamura K, Sanada T, et al. Categorical variables used two independent samples chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method according to the situation. 2020 Dec;27(6):1980-1987. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.10.008. 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