greek war of independence quotes

[190] As a former Russian foreign minister, Kapodistrias was well connected to the European elite and he attempted to use his connections to secure loans for the new Greek state and to achieve the most favorable borders for Greece, which was being debated by Russian, French and British diplomats.[191]. 19 June].[64]. Under the protocol signed on 7 May 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting powers, Greece was defined as a "monarchical and independent state" but was to pay an indemnity to the Porte. Missolonghi revolted on 25 May, and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece. war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries. George Mason and James Madison . [221] They also massacred unarmed Greeks in places which did not revolt, as in Smyrna[222] and Constantinople. [d] From the early 18th century and onwards, members of prominent Greek families in Constantinople, known as Phanariotes (after the Phanar district of the city), gained considerable control over Ottoman foreign policy and eventually over the bureaucracy as a whole. Whereas Cyrus was a supporter of Jewish independence, the Pharaoh of Exodus is an "Anti-Cyrus." . "The Origins of the Greek Revolution of 1821. 2021 marks the 200th anniversary of the Greek War of Independence and so provides a commemorative opportunity to again assess its nature and significance. As Vacalopoulos notes, however, "adequate preparations for rebellion had not been made, nor were revolutionary ideals to be reconciled with the ideological world of the monks within the Athonite regime". The Greeks expected Church to prove a Wellington, with a military chest well supplied from the British treasury. QUOTES Experts in ancient Greek culture say that people back then didnt see their thoughts as belonging to them. There are several important facts about the Greek War of Independence. During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and built a school and a church dedicated to the Panagia i Kleftrina ("Our Lady the piratess")St Mary as the patron of the klephts. [202], After the Greek delegation, led by Mavrocordatos, accepted the terms of the treaty, the Allies prepared to insist upon the armistice, and their fleets were instructed to intercept supplies destined for Ibrahim's forces. [184] Church landed in Greece in March 1827, and was welcomed by his old friend Kolokotronis. A spirit of money-making has eaten up our patriotism. [204], On 20 October 1827, as the weather got worse, the British, Russian and French fleets entered the Bay of Navarino in peaceful formation to shelter themselves and to make sure that the Egyptian-Turkish fleet did not slip off and attack Hydra. Must we but weep o'er days more blest? For the first time, a Christian subject people had achieved independence from Ottoman rule and established a fully independent state, recognized by Europe. Be the first to contribute! JNS.org - Joe Woolf, a South African Jewish volunteer in the foreign-fighters unit Machal who conducted research that helped preserve that group's legacy for 75 years after Israel's War of Independence, died on Feb. 28 at his home in the northern Israeli moshav of Ilaniya. Our morals are more depreciated than our currency.". The Greek War of Independence was fought between 1821 and 1832. [178] The Karteria suffered from constant engine breakdowns, but Hastings was able to use the ship successfully twice over the course of the next two years, at Volos and in the Gulf of Corinth.[178]. Information and translations of greek war of independence in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. He also feared that Russia might undertake unilateral action against the Ottoman Empire. ", which he called "damning proof of the selfish indifference of the Christian world. [e] The area under their control was called an "armatolik",[22] the oldest known being established in Agrafa during the reign of Murad II (r. In total, over 1000 Cypriots fought in the War of Independence, many of whom died. He believed that a furthering in education would be necessary for the general welfare and prosperity of the people of Greece, as well as the country. [86] In the summer of 1821, various young men from all over Europe began to gather in the French port of Marseilles to book a passage to Greece and join the revolution. The Greeks rebelled the initial attach on the inn, which compelled the Ottomans to call for cannons to blow up the inn. [116], It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover. Ibrahim sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land as he had done to the rest of the Peloponnese. [35] There they came into contact with the radical ideas of the European Enlightenment, the French Revolution and romantic nationalism. This was a very significant proportion of the total population of the island at the time. In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Athanasios Diakos on 31 March, followed by Thebes two days later. This led to a devastating Ottoman cavalry charge in the morning, with Ottomans hunting the scattered Greek forces almost at leisure. It is difficult sometimes to remember details about places and historic figures involved, especially when so many things took place during the decade long course of the Greek . Failing to get the insurgents to surrender, Mehmed Emin launched a number of attacks pushing them further back and finally captured Naousa in April, helped by the enemies of Zafeirakis, who had revealed an unguarded spot, the "Alonia". The next day, all abbots and monks of monasteries in Cyprus were executed. [168] The British traveller and Church of England minister, Reverend Charles Swan, reported Ibrahim Pasha as saying to him that he "would burn and destroy the whole Morea". In the early months of 1821, with the absence of the Ottoman governor of the Morea (Mora valesi) Hursid Pasha and many of his troops, the situation was favourable for the Greeks to rise against Ottoman occupation. Ypsilantis was soon defeated by the Turks, but, in the meantime, on March 25, 1821 (the traditional date of Greek independence), sporadic revolts against Turkish rule had broken out in the Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopnnisos), in Greece north of the Gulf of Corinth (Korinthiaks), and on several islands. [12] However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries. However, the Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and the Ottoman presence in the rebel areas was uncoordinated due to logistical problems. [196] The Anglo-Russian protocol that Wellington negotiated with Nicholas in St. Petersburg attracted much scorn from Metternich, who was consistently the most pro-Ottoman and anti-Greek European statesmen. In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under Kapodistrias. However, the secret note on Crete, which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to Britain, France and Russia, bore no fruit. In France, the news of the battle was greeted with great enthusiasm and the government had an unexpected surge in popularity. On 9 June 1821 3 ships sailed to Cyprus with Konstantinos Kanaris. On 29 August, the Porte formally rejected the Treaty of London's stipulations, and, subsequently, the commanders-in-chief of the British and French Mediterranean fleets, Admiral Edward Codrington and Admiral Henri de Rigny, sailed into the Gulf of Argos and requested to meet with Greek representatives on board HMSAsia. [69] Historian David Brewer noted that Pouqueville was an Anglophobe, and in his account of the speech by Germanos in his book, Pouqueville has the Metropolitan express Anglophobic sentiments similar to those commonly expressed in France, and has him praise France as Greece's one true friend in the world, which led Brewer to conclude that Pouqueville had made the entire story up. In early July 1821, the Cypriot Archimandrite Theofylaktos Thiseas arrived in Larnaca as a messenger of the Filiki Etairia, bringing orders to Kyprianos, while proclamations were distributed in every corner of the island. [3] In 1826, the Greeks became assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. After a second civil war (1824), Kountouritis was firmly established as leader, but his government and the entire revolution were gravely threatened by the arrival of Egyptian forces, led by Ibrahim Pasha, which had been sent to aid the Turks (1825). [49], As a people, the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities, and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire, especially by the Muslim population, as traitors. However, the danger of war passed temporarily, after Metternich and Castlereagh persuaded the Sultan to make some concessions to the Tsar. [132] Short of men and money, the Ottoman state turned to hiring Albanian tribesmen to fight the Greeks, and by 1823, the bulk of the Ottoman forces in Greece were Albanian mercenaries hired for a campaigning season rather than the Ottoman Army. Russia formally took the opportunity to declare war on the Turks (April 1828).[206]. "There are always those who wish to sanitize war by portraying its grand and noble deeds-which sometimes occur-while drawing a veil over its shameless side. Although the origin of the Greek flag is still a matter of debate, the important fact to remember is that it was officially adopted by Greece on December 22, 1978. [183] In April 1827, Church and Cochrane arrived at Athens and immediately clashed over strategy. [151], The crisis culminated when the legislature, which was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots, overturned the executive, and fired its president, Petros Mavromichalis. Feraios wrote enthusiastic poems and books on Greek history and many became popular. Kanaris brought with him papers from the Filiki Etaireia and the ships were welcomed with rapturous applause and patriotic cries from the local Greeks of the area, who helped Kanaris and the soldiers from Cyprus as much as they could. Shortly after the war ended, the people of the Russian-dependent Poland, encouraged by the Greek victory, started the November Uprising, hoping to regain their independence. In collaboration with the Seeger Center for Hellenic Studies under the leadership of its Director, Dimitri Gondicas, Princeton University Library has amassed a research-worthy collection related to this conflict, including both rarities held in its Special Collections and the circulating works of modern scholarship. [136], The Chios massacre shocked all of Europe and further increased public sympathy for the Greek cause. GeorgiadisArnakis argues that the Church of Constantinople conducted "a magnificent work of national conservation", and contributed to the national liberation of all the subject nationalities of the Balkan peninsula. Alexander Ypsilantis, accompanied by his brother Nicholas and a remnant of his followers, retreated to Rmnicu Vlcea, where he spent some days negotiating with the Austrian authorities for permission to cross the frontier. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople, which defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece. These loans, which, in effect, made the City of London the financier of the revolution,[56] inspired the creation of the "British" political party in Greece, whose opinion was that the revolution could only end in success with the help of Britain. Athanasios Diakos during the 1821 Greek War of Independence timeline On 8 May, 1821, Chieftain and Greek revolutionary fighter Odysseas Androutsos were trapped in Gravia Inn. ai nante poi shite motto. But in Whitehall, senior naval and diplomatic echelons were appalled by the outcome of his campaign. The . As far as the Peloponnese was concerned, Britain and Russia accepted the offer of France to send an army to expel Ibrahim's forces. Map shows territorial shifts in Ukraine since war began one year ago. [210] The Sublime Porte, which had rejected the call for an armistice in 1827, now rejected the conclusions of the Poros conference, with the Sultan Mahmud II saying he would never grant Greece independence, and the war would go on until he reconquered all of Greece. "Newer and Modern History"( ), Vas. Re'y. Muhammad Ali Pashasent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. [149], Military leaders and representatives of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate. His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece until Kolokotronis attacked the Egyptians from the rear and forced them to retreat. Though sometimes referred to as the first armed conflict that established the independence of a modern nation state, the struggle was fraught with so many conflicting political interests and . However, the plans of the Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. As a result of the Russian reaction to Alexander Ypsilantis, Kapodistrias resigned as foreign minister and moved to Switzerland.[192]. According to Clogg, recruiting was carried out in the Danubian principalities, southern Russia, the Ionian islands and the Peloponnese. Kolokotronis accepted, but he caused a serious crisis when he prevented Mavrokordatos, who had been elected president of the legislative body, from assuming his position. In Russia, the St. Petersburg Greek committee under Prince Alexander Golitsyn had raised 973,500 roubles by August 1822. An initiative by two Greeks is going to make it easier to learn and remember historic milestone events of the 1821 Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. [191] On 21 December 1828, the ambassadors of Britain, Russia, and France met on the island of Poros and prepared a protocol, which provided for the creation of an autonomous state ruled by a monarch, whose authority should be confirmed by a firman of the Sultan. Kostans is a multi-award nominated and winner content creator, director . The revolt began in February 1821 when Alexander Ypsilantis, leader of the Etairists, crossed the Prut River into Turkish-held Moldavia with a small force of troops. Deeply influenced by the French Revolution, Rigas was the first to conceive and organize a comprehensive national movement aiming at the liberation of all Balkan nationsincluding the Turks of the regionand the creation of a "Balkan Republic". He spent a lot of his time convincing wealthy Greeks to build schools and libraries to further the education of Greeks. Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected TurkishEgyptian and European shipping in the region. He eventually graduated from the Montpellier School of Medicine and spent the remainder of his life in Paris. Finally, Tripolitsa was seized by the Greeks on 23 September [N.S. The final major engagement of the war was the Battle of Petra, which occurred north of Attica. [159] One of the British philhellenes, Frank Abney Hastings believed that the use of mechanised warships powered by steam and using red-hot shot would allow the Greeks to overpower the Ottoman navy, powered as it was by sail. [173] Although the Egyptians and the Turks offered them terms to stop the attacks, the Greeks refused, and continued to fight. Although this severely crippled the Ottoman forces, the war continued, complicated by the Russo-Turkish War (182829). In 1828, the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure from a French expeditionary force. Central governance was strengthened at the expense of regional bodies, a new constitution was voted, and new members were elected for the executive and the legislative bodies. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected a Senate on 26 May. [95], Haiti was the first government of an independent state to recognise the Greek independence. In addition, the Ottomans arrested all the Greek leaders of the villages and imprisoned them before executing them, as they were suspected of inspiring patriotism in their local population. The ideals and patriotic songs of Rigas Feraios and others had made a profound impression upon the Thessalonians. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals . [114] On 8 May, the Turks, infuriated by the landing of sailors from Psara at Tsayezi, by the capture of Turkish merchants and the seizure of their goods, rampaged through the streets of Serres, searched the houses of the notables for arms, imprisoned the Metropolitan and 150 merchants, and seized their goods as a reprisal for the plundering by the Psarians.[115]. 462 Words. A prominent Greek patriot in the War of Greek Independence (1821-30). The newly established Greek state would pursue further expansion and, over the course of a century, parts of Macedonia, Crete, parts of Epirus, many Aegean Islands, the Ionian Islands and other Greek-speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state. Kyprianos chose to stay, despite these fears, and provide protection and counsel for the people of Cyprus as their leader. [99] One of the more prominent leaders of the merchants and a "Westerniser" was the Phanariot Alexandros Mavrokordatos who was living with the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley in Pisa when the revolution began, and upon hearing of the revolution, purchased supplies and a ship in Marseilles and then set sail for Greece. [4] During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule. This provided that the Allies should again offer negotiations, and if the Sultan rejected it, they would exert all the means which circumstances would allow to force the cessation of hostilities. 191192, William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free, Open Book Publishers, 2008, p.104107, Background of the Greek War of Independence, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi, Learn how and when to remove this template message, massacre of the island's population in June 1822, "The Italians Who Fought for Greek Independence", "War of Greek Independence | History, Facts, & Combatants", Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks, "Twenty-five Lectures on Modern Balkan History: The Greek Revolution and the Greek State", "The Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery A glimpse on its history", A Letter from Jean-Pierre Boyer to Greek Revolutionaries, "Haiti and the Greek revolution | Neos Kosmos", " ", Theophilus C. Prousis, "Smyrna in 1821: A Russian View", 1992, History Faculty Publications. [93] In New York City, one ball put on by the Greek committee raised $8,000[93] (~$180,000 in 2021). [165] Ibrahim proceeded to defeat the Greek garrison on the small island of Sphacteria off the coast of Messenia. [16] During the Second Russo-Turkish War, the Greek community of Trieste financed a small fleet under Lambros Katsonis, which was a nuisance for the Ottoman navy; during the war klephts and armatoloi (guerilla fighters in mountainous areas) rose once again. The war led to the formation of modern Greece, which would be expanded to include its modern borders in later years. More about Greek Contributions Dbq Essay. 16, University of North Florida, " ", "Greek Auditors in the Courses of Jean Lamarck", The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe, The Question of Greek Independence: A Study of British Policy in the Near East, 18211833, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&oldid=1142325284, "Today the fatherland is reborn, that for so long was lost and extinguished. Between 3,000 and 4,000 women and children were enslaved and many of the people who remained behind decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder rather than be enslaved. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The frigate responded with musket fire in retaliation and an Egyptian ship fired a cannon shot at the French flagship, the Sirene, which returned fire. The Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty. Let national phalanxes be formed, let patriotic legions appear and you will see those old giants of despotism fall themselves, before our triumphant banners. The Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Today are raised from the dead the fighters, political, religious, as well as military, for our King has come, that we begat with the power of God. [96] Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, following a Greek request for assistance, addressed a letter on 15 January 1822. [170] Russia warned that if the "barbarisation project" was a real plan, then such an egregious violation of the Treaty of Kk Kaynarca, under which Russia had a vague claim to be the protector of all the Orthodox peoples of the Ottoman Empire, would lead to Russia going to war against the Ottomans. . [93] In 1821, the Greek committee in Charleston, South Carolina sent the Greeks 50 barrels of salted meat while the Greek Committee in Springfield, Massachusetts sent supplies of salted meat, sugar, fish and flour. After the crushing of the uprising, Muslim Albanians ravaged many regions in mainland Greece. Apollo was telling them to be brave. [89] The largest contingents came from the German states, France and the Italian states. The Turks attempted three times (182224) to invade the Peloponnese but were unable to retrieve the area. Incidences of these secret loading trips from Cyprus were recorded by the French consul to Cyprus, Mechain.[126]. In January 1825, a Roumeliote force, led by Kolettis himself, arrested Kolokotronis, Deligiannis' family and others. [104] In 1821, an uprising by Christians was met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders. Get 20% OFF + Free International Shipping with my link https://manscaped.com/kings #sponsored #fathersdayKin. The Greek cause began to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia, but also from Western European Philhellenes. Whether we prefer to call it a war, a revolution or an insurrection, or whether we consider its political context more regional than national, or its causes more economic than religious, the conflict remains a challenging and often bewildering object of historical study. He apologized for being unable to support the Revolution in Greece financially, though he hoped he might be able to in the future. [169] It is not clear even today if the "barbarisation project" was a real plan or not, but the possibility that it was created strong demands for humanitarian intervention in Europe. After that, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia (Asia Minor), with some exceptions. Many Jews around Greece and throughout Europe were supporters of the Greek revolt, using their resources to loan substantial amounts to the newly formed Greek government. [211] Based on the Protocol of Poros, the London Conference agreed on the protocol of 22 March 1829, which accepted most of the ambassadors' proposals but drew the borders farther south than the initial proposal and did not include Samos and Crete in the new state. The party doesn't end. However, when his force landed at Pyrgos Dirou, they were confronted by a group of Maniot women and repelled. Pyotr or Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin was a Russian anarchist, philosopher, scientist, and socialist who became a celebrity-like figure during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and is one of the . [194], In March 1823, Canning declared that "when a whole nation revolts against its conqueror, the nation cannot be considered as piratical but as a nation in a state of war". The role of the Philike Hetaireia, the secret political organization that coordinated the Wars initial leadership, has increasingly drawn the attention of scholars. Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the Quotes submission guide. Our laws, our literature, our religion [sic], our art have their roots in Greece. [90], In Germany, Italy and France many clergymen and university professors gave speeches saying all of Europe owed a huge debt to ancient Greece, that the modern Greeks were entitled to call upon the classical heritage as a reason for support, and that Greece would only achieve progress with freedom from the Ottoman Empire. The Russo-Turkish wars of Catherine II (1762-1796) made the Greeks consider their emancipation with the aid of Russia. Codrington promised that he would stop the Greeks and Philhellenes from attacking the Turks and Egyptians. [184] A week later, Lord Cochrane arrived to take command of the Greek Navy and refused to leave his yacht until the Greeks agreed to form a united government. Finally, our research resources extend to the rich historiography that documents and interprets this period. In the meanwhile, Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople and the Synod had anathematized and excommunicated both Ypsilantis and Soutzos issuing many encyclicals, an explicit denunciation of the Revolution in line with the Orthodox Church's policy. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. The Greeks managed to halt the Turkish advance at the Battle of Gravia under the leadership of Odysseas Androutsos, who, with a handful of men, inflicted heavy casualties upon the Turkish army. [200] Since Britain and Russia were going ahead with their plans to impose mediation with or without France, if the French declined the offer to impose mediation, Greece would be in the Anglo-Russian sphere of influence, while if the French did take part, then Greece would also be in the French sphere of influence. [182] In December, Febvier was able to infiltrate a force of some 500 men into the Akropolis, bringing in much needed supplies of gunpowder, through he was much offended when Makriyannis had his men start firing to wake up the Turks, trapping Fabvier and his men. [69] However, a study on the archive of Hugues Pouqueville (Franois Pouqueville's brother) claims that Franois' account was accurate, without making any reference to the purported Anglophobia or Francophilia of Germanos. We, seemingly worthy of ancestral virtue and of the present century, are hopeful that we will achieve their defense and help. [220] The Turks massacred Greeks identified with the revolution, especially in Anatolia, Crete, Constantinople, Cyprus, Macedonia and the Aegean islands. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 7 June]. [156] Although the Greek government had squandered the money from the first loan, the second loan was oversubscribed and raised some 1.1million (~$404 million in 2021). Under Kolettis' orders, two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliotes invaded the Peloponnese: the first under Gouras occupied Corinth and raided the province; the second under Karaiskakis, Kitsos Tzavelas and others, attacked in Achaea, Lindos and "Zaimis". Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at Methoni. Rothwell | 64 Despite nineteenth-century understandings of the Greek War of Independence, the ef - fect nationalism had in the war is now regularly debated. [152], During this period, the two first installments of the English loan had arrived, and the position of the government was strengthened; but the infighting was not yet over. Metternich persuaded Alexander that Kapodistrias was in league with the Italian Carbonari (an Italian revolutionary group), leading Alexander to disavow him. Our Special Collections possess several contemporary works of Philhellenism, often in the form of occasional poetry, but music is represented as well. [181] In late June 1826, Reshid Pasha had arrived outside of Athens and laid siege to the city, marking the beginning of the siege of the Acropolis. Perspectives on Comparative Approaches to the Revolutions in Spain, Italy, and Greece in the 1820s.". Kolokotronis refused, and the Assembly was finally gathered in March 1823 in Astros. Since May, Kolokotronis organized the siege of Tripolitsa, and, in the meantime, Greek forces twice defeated the Turks, who unsuccessfully tried to repulse the besiegers. He was imprisoned for his defiance of the central government but was later released to help defend the Morea (Peloponnese) against the Egyptian army of Imbrahim pasha. [45] With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States and with the aid of sympathizers in Western Europe, they planned the rebellion. Our generals are experienced, and all our fellow countrymen are full of enthusiasm. There, Papaflessas, a pro-revolution priest who presented himself as representative of Filiki Eteria, clashed with most of the civil leaders and members of the senior clergy, such as Metropolitan Germanos of Patras, who were sceptical and demanded guarantees about a Russian intervention.

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